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\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename ../../info/elisp.info
@ifset VOL1
@set volflag
@set voltitle Volume 1
@end ifset
@ifset VOL2
@set volflag
@set voltitle Volume 2
@end ifset
@ifset volflag
@settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: @value{voltitle}
@end ifset
@ifclear volflag
@settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
@end ifclear
@include docstyle.texi
@c %**end of header
@c See two-volume-cross-refs.txt.
@tex
@ifset VOL1
\message{Formatting for two volume edition...Volume 1...}
%
% Read special toc file, set up in two-volume.make.
\gdef\tocreadfilename{elisp1-toc-ready.toc}
%
% Don't make outlines, they're not needed and \readdatafile can't pay
% attention to the special definition above.
\global\let\pdfmakeoutlines=\relax
%
% Start volume 1 chapter numbering at 1; this must be listed as chapno0.
\global\chapno=0
@end ifset
@ifset VOL2
\message{Formatting for two volume edition...Volume 2...}
%
% Read special toc file, set up in two-volume.make.
\gdef\tocreadfilename{elisp2-toc-ready.toc}
%
% Don't make outlines, they're not needed and \readdatafile can't pay
% attention to the special definition above.
\global\let\pdfmakeoutlines=\relax
%
% Start volume 2 chapter numbering at 27; this must be listed as chapno26
\global\chapno=26
@end ifset
@end tex
@include emacsver.texi
@c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
@c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go
@c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
@c @set smallbook
@ifset volflag
@smallbook
@end ifset
@ifset smallbook
@smallbook
@end ifset
@c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
@c save on paper cost.
@c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
@tex
@ifset smallbook
@fonttextsize 10
@end ifset
\global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
@end tex
@c Combine indices.
@synindex cp fn
@syncodeindex vr fn
@syncodeindex ky fn
@syncodeindex pg fn
@c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables.
@c @syncodeindex tp fn
@c When printing, define VERSION to be the printed edition number and
@c DATE to be the printed edition's date. E.g., run the shell command
@c "texi2any -D 'VERSION 3.2' -D 'DATE 31 March 2020'". This relates
@c mainly to the published book sold by the FSF.
@copying
@ifset VERSION
This is edition @value{VERSION} of the @cite{GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual},@*
@end ifset
@ifclear VERSION
This is the @cite{GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}
@end ifclear
corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
Copyright @copyright{} 1990--1996, 1998--2024 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License,'' with the
Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover
Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.''
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
@end quotation
@end copying
@dircategory Emacs lisp
@direntry
* Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
@end direntry
@titlepage
@title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
@ifset volflag
@subtitle @value{voltitle}
@end ifset
@subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}
@ifset VERSION
@subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, @value{DATE}
@end ifset
@author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman,
@author the GNU Manual Group, et al.
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@sp 2
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
31 Milk Street, # 960789 @*
Boston, MA 02196 @*
USA @*
ISBN 1-882114-74-4
@sp 2
Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
@end titlepage
@c Print the tables of contents
@summarycontents
@contents
@ifnottex
@node Top
@top Emacs Lisp
@ifset WWW_GNU_ORG
@html
<p>The GNU Emacs website is at
<a href="/software/emacs/">https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/</a>.<br>
For information on using Emacs, refer to the
<a href="/software/emacs/manual/emacs.html">Emacs Manual</a>.<br>
To view this manual in other formats, click
<a href="/software/emacs/manual/elisp.html">here</a>.
@end html
@end ifset
@insertcopying
@end ifnottex
@menu
* Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used.
* Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp.
* Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions.
* Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them.
* Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions.
* Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences.
Certain functions act on any kind of sequence.
The description of vectors is here as well.
* Records:: Compound objects with programmer-defined types.
* Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables.
* Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely.
* Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated.
* Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits.
* Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values.
* Functions:: A function is a Lisp program
that can be invoked from other functions.
* Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language.
* Customization:: Making variables and faces customizable.
* Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp.
* Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster.
* Native Compilation:: Compile Lisp into native machine code.
* Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs.
* Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back.
* Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input.
* Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works,
and how you can call its subroutines.
* Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands.
* Modes:: Defining major and minor modes.
* Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings.
* Files:: Accessing files.
* Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save
files are made.
* Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects.
* Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers.
* Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows.
* Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions.
* Markers:: Markers represent positions and update
automatically when the text is changed.
* Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers.
* Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings.
* Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps.
* Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing.
* Parsing Expression Grammars:: Parsing structured buffer text.
* Parsing Program Source:: Generate syntax tree for program sources.
* Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures.
* Threads:: Concurrency in Emacs Lisp.
* Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses.
* Display:: Features for controlling the screen display.
* System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment
variables, and other such things.
* Packaging:: Preparing Lisp code for distribution.
Appendices
* Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 29.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
* GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs.
* Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp.
* GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs;
internal data structures.
* Standard Errors:: List of some standard error symbols.
* Standard Keymaps:: List of some standard keymaps.
* Standard Hooks:: List of some standard hook variables.
* Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables,
and other terms.
@ignore
* New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}.
@end ignore
@c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to
@c be correctly identified by 'texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In
@c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the
@c value of 'texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el.
@detailmenu
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
---------------------------------
Here are other nodes that are subnodes of those already listed,
mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
Introduction
* Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help.
* Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp.
* Conventions:: How the manual is formatted.
* Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running?
* Acknowledgments:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual.
Conventions
* Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual.
* nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used.
* Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation.
* Printing Notation:: The format we use when examples print text.
* Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors.
* Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples.
* Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc.
Format of Descriptions
* A Sample Function Description:: A description of an imaginary
function, @code{foo}.
* A Sample Variable Description:: A description of an imaginary
variable, @code{electric-future-map}.
Lisp Data Types
* Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text.
* Special Read Syntax:: An overview of all the special sequences.
* Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions.
* Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems.
* Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs.
* Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure.
* Type Predicates:: Tests related to types.
* Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects.
* Mutability:: Some objects should not be modified.
* Type Hierarchy:: Type Hierarchy of Emacs Lisp objects.
Programming Types
* Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts.
* Floating-Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range.
* Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and
control characters.
* Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function,
variable, or property list, and has a unique identity.
* Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences.
* Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells).
* Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors.
* String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters.
* Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays.
* Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters.
* Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}.
* Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables.
* Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere.
* Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another
expression, more fundamental but less pretty.
* Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp.
* Closure Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled.
* Record Type:: Compound objects with programmer-defined types.
* Type Descriptors:: Objects holding information about types.
* Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used
functions.
* Finalizer Type:: Runs code when no longer reachable.
Character Type
* Basic Char Syntax:: Syntax for regular characters.
* General Escape Syntax:: How to specify characters by their codes.
* Ctl-Char Syntax:: Syntax for control characters.
* Meta-Char Syntax:: Syntax for meta-characters.
* Other Char Bits:: Syntax for hyper-, super-, and alt-characters.
Cons Cell and List Types
* Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists.
* Dotted Pair Notation:: A general syntax for cons cells.
* Association List Type:: A specially constructed list.
String Type
* Syntax for Strings:: How to specify Lisp strings.
* Non-ASCII in Strings:: International characters in strings.
* Nonprinting Characters:: Literal unprintable characters in strings.
* Text Props and Strings:: Strings with text properties.
Editing Types
* Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing.
* Marker Type:: A position in a buffer.
* Window Type:: Buffers are displayed in windows.
* Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames.
* Terminal Type:: A terminal device displays frames.
* Window Configuration Type:: Recording the way a frame is subdivided.
* Frame Configuration Type:: Recording the status of all frames.
* Process Type:: A subprocess of Emacs running on the underlying OS.
* Thread Type:: A thread of Emacs Lisp execution.
* Mutex Type:: An exclusive lock for thread synchronization.
* Condition Variable Type:: Condition variable for thread synchronization.
* Stream Type:: Receive or send characters.
* Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes.
* Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented.
* Font Type:: Fonts for displaying text.
* Xwidget Type:: Embeddable widgets.
Numbers
* Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers.
* Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point.
* Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers.
* Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates.
* Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa.
* Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
* Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating-point numbers.
* Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting.
* Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions.
* Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.
Strings and Characters
* String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters.
* Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char.
* Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings.
* Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string.
* Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings.
* String Conversion:: Converting to and from characters and strings.
* Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}.
* Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions.
* Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion.
Lists
* Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells.
* List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
* List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list.
* Building Lists:: Creating list structure.
* List Variables:: Modifying lists stored in variables.
* Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
* Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
* Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
* Property Lists:: A list of paired elements.
Modifying Existing List Structure
* Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list.
* Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone.
This can be used to remove or add elements.
* Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
Property Lists
* Plists and Alists:: Comparison of the advantages of property
lists and association lists.
* Plist Access:: Accessing property lists stored elsewhere.
Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors
* Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence.
* Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp.
* Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays.
* Vectors:: Special characteristics of Emacs Lisp vectors.
* Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors.
* Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables.
* Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors.
* Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects.
Records
* Record Functions:: Functions for records.
* Backward Compatibility:: Compatibility for cl-defstruct.
Hash Tables
* Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables.
* Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents.
* Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods.
* Other Hash:: Miscellaneous.
Symbols
* Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions
and property lists.
* Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used.
* Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique.
* Symbol Properties:: Each symbol has a property list
for recording miscellaneous information.
* Shorthands:: Properly organize your symbol names but
type less of them.
* Symbols with Position:: Symbol variants containing integer positions
Symbol Properties
* Symbol Plists:: Accessing symbol properties.
* Standard Properties:: Standard meanings of symbol properties.
Evaluation
* Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things.
* Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated.
* Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in
the program).
* Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure.
* Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly.
* Deferred Eval:: Deferred and lazy evaluation of forms.
Kinds of Forms
* Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves.
* Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables.
* Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms.
* Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list,
we find the real function via the symbol.
* Function Forms:: Forms that call functions.
* Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros.
* Special Forms:: Special forms are idiosyncratic primitives,
most of them extremely important.
* Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files
containing their real definitions.
Control Structures
* Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order.
* Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}.
* Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}.
* Pattern-Matching Conditional:: How to use @code{pcase} and friends.
* Iteration:: @code{while} loops.
* Generators:: Generic sequences and coroutines.
* Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence.
Nonlocal Exits
* Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes.
* Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written.
* Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled.
* Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an
error happens.
Errors
* Signaling Errors:: How to report an error.
* Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error.
* Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution.
* Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them.
Variables
* Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere.
* Constant Variables:: Variables that never change.
* Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily.
* Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values.
* Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable.
* Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you
define a variable.
* Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names
are known only at run time.
* Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables.
* Watching Variables:: Running a function when a variable is changed.
* Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values.
* Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer.
* File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files.
* Directory Local Variables:: Local variables common to all files in a
directory.
* Connection Local Variables:: Local variables common for remote connections.
* Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables.
* Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can
@emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object.
* Generalized Variables:: Extending the concept of variables.
* Multisession Variables:: Variables that survive restarting Emacs.
Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings
* Lexical Binding:: The standard type of local variable binding.
* Dynamic Binding:: A different type of local variable binding.
* Dynamic Binding Tips:: Avoiding problems with dynamic binding.
* Selecting Lisp Dialect:: How to select the Emacs Lisp dialect to use.
* Converting to Lexical Binding:: Convert existing code to lexical binding.
Buffer-Local Variables
* Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts.
* Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings.
* Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers
that don't have their own buffer-local values.
Generalized Variables
* Setting Generalized Variables:: The @code{setf} macro.
* Adding Generalized Variables:: Defining new @code{setf} forms.
Multisession Variables
* Multisession Variables:: Variables that survive restarting Emacs.
Functions
* What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs. primitives; terminology.
* Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects.
* Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function.
* Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions.
* Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function.
* Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc.
* Anonymous Functions:: Lambda expressions are functions with no names.
* Generic Functions:: Polymorphism, Emacs-style.
* Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition
of a symbol.
* Closures:: Functions that enclose a lexical environment.
* OClosures:: Function objects with meta-data.
* Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function.
* Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete.
* Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler
will expand inline.
* Declare Form:: Adding additional information about a function.
* Declaring Functions:: Telling the compiler that a function is defined.
* Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call.
* Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives
that have a special bearing on how
functions work.
Lambda Expressions
* Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression.
* Simple Lambda:: A simple example.
* Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists.
* Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function.
Advising Emacs Lisp Functions
* Core Advising Primitives:: Primitives to manipulate advice.
* Advising Named Functions:: Advising named functions.
* Advice Combinators:: Ways to compose advice.
* Porting Old Advice:: Adapting code using the old defadvice.
* Advice and Byte Code:: Not all functions can be advised.
Macros
* Simple Macro:: A basic example.
* Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded.
* Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler.
* Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition.
* Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times.
Don't hide the user's variables.
* Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls.
Common Problems Using Macros
* Wrong Time:: Do the work in the expansion, not in the macro.
* Argument Evaluation:: The expansion should evaluate each macro arg once.
* Surprising Local Vars:: Local variable bindings in the expansion
require special care.
* Eval During Expansion:: Don't evaluate them; put them in the expansion.
* Repeated Expansion:: Avoid depending on how many times expansion is done.
Customization Settings
* Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of
customization declarations.
* Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions.
* Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options.
* Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option.
* Applying Customizations:: Functions to apply customization settings.
* Custom Themes:: Writing Custom themes.
Customization Types
* Simple Types:: Simple customization types: sexp, integer, etc.
* Composite Types:: Build new types from other types or data.
* Splicing into Lists:: Splice elements into list with @code{:inline}.
* Type Keywords:: Keyword-argument pairs in a customization type.
* Defining New Types:: Give your type a name.
Loading
* How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others.
* Load Suffixes:: Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries.
* Library Search:: Finding a library to load.
* Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files.
* Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload.
* Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice.
* Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
* Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol.
* Unloading:: How to unload a library that was loaded.
* Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when
particular libraries are loaded.
* Dynamic Modules:: Modules provide additional Lisp primitives.
Byte Compilation
* Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation.
* Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions.
* Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings.
* Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile.
* Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages.
* Closure Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions.
* Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.
Native Compilation
* Native-Compilation Functions:: Functions to natively-compile Lisp.
* Native-Compilation Variables:: Variables controlling native compilation.
Debugging Lisp Programs
* Debugger:: A debugger for the Emacs Lisp evaluator.
* Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger.
* Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors.
* Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code.
* Profiling:: Measuring the resources that your code uses.
The Lisp Debugger
* Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens.
* Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit.
* Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called.
* Variable Debugging:: Entering it when a variable is modified.
* Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program.
* Using Debugger:: What the debugger does.
* Backtraces:: What you see while in the debugger.
* Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger.
* Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}.
* Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables.
Edebug
* Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug.
* Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code
in order to debug it with Edebug.
* Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often.
* Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place.
* Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands.
* Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop.
* Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug.
* Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug.
* Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug.
* Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed
each time you enter Edebug.
* Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing.
* Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer.
* Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage.
* The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores.
* Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls.
* Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug.
Breaks
* Breakpoints:: Breakpoints at stop points.
* Global Break Condition:: Breaking on an event.
* Source Breakpoints:: Embedding breakpoints in source code.
The Outside Context
* Checking Whether to Stop::When Edebug decides what to do.
* Edebug Display Update:: When Edebug updates the display.
* Edebug Recursive Edit:: When Edebug stops execution.
Edebug and Macros
* Instrumenting Macro Calls::The basic problem.
* Specification List:: How to specify complex patterns of evaluation.
* Backtracking:: What Edebug does when matching fails.
* Specification Examples:: To help understand specifications.
Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax
* Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close.
* Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open.
Reading and Printing Lisp Objects
* Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing.
* Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
input streams.
* Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text.
* Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
output streams.
* Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text.
* Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing
functions do.
* Output Overrides:: Overriding output variables.
Minibuffers
* Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers.
* Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string.
* Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression.
* Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs
so the user can reuse them.
* Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer.
* Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion.
* Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer.
* Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions.
* Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal.
* Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers.
* Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows.
* Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text.
* Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed.
* Inhibiting Interaction:: Running Emacs when no interaction is possible.
* Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables.
Completion
* Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings.
* Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion.
* Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion.
* High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion
(reading buffer names, variable names, etc.).
* Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names and
shell commands.
* Completion Variables:: Variables controlling completion behavior.
* Programmed Completion:: Writing your own completion function.
* Completion in Buffers:: Completing text in ordinary buffers.
Command Loop
* Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands.
* Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments.
* Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments.
* Distinguish Interactive:: Making a command distinguish interactive calls.
* Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine.
* Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command.
* Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it.
* Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse.
* Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually.
* Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time.
* Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting.
* Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work.
* Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit,
and why you usually shouldn't.
* Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands.
* Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed.
* Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented.
Defining Commands
* Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}.
* Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments
in various ways.
* Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments.
* Command Modes:: Specifying that commands are for a specific mode.
* Generic Commands:: Select among command alternatives.
Input Events
* Keyboard Events:: Ordinary characters -- keys with symbols on them.
* Function Keys:: Function keys -- keys with names, not symbols.
* Mouse Events:: Overview of mouse events.
* Click Events:: Pushing and releasing a mouse button.
* Drag Events:: Moving the mouse before releasing the button.
* Button-Down Events:: A button was pushed and not yet released.
* Repeat Events:: Double and triple click (or drag, or down).
* Motion Events:: Just moving the mouse, not pushing a button.
* Focus Events:: Moving the mouse between frames.
* Misc Events:: Other events the system can generate.
* Event Examples:: Examples of the lists for mouse events.
* Classifying Events:: Finding the modifier keys in an event symbol.
Event types.
* Accessing Mouse:: Functions to extract info from mouse events.
* Accessing Scroll:: Functions to get info from scroll bar events.
* Strings of Events:: Special considerations for putting
keyboard character events in a string.
Reading Input
* Key Sequence Input:: How to read one key sequence.
* Reading One Event:: How to read just one event.
* Event Mod:: How Emacs modifies events as they are read.
* Invoking the Input Method:: How reading an event uses the input method.
* Quoted Character Input:: Asking the user to specify a character.
* Event Input Misc:: How to reread or throw away input events.
Keymaps
* Key Sequences:: Key sequences as Lisp objects.
* Keymap Basics:: Basic concepts of keymaps.
* Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object.
* Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps.
* Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings
of another keymap.
* Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition.
* Active Keymaps:: How Emacs searches the active keymaps
for a key binding.
* Searching Keymaps:: A pseudo-Lisp summary of searching active maps.
* Controlling Active Maps:: Each buffer has a local keymap
to override the standard (global) bindings.
A minor mode can also override them.
* Key Lookup:: Finding a key's binding in one keymap.
* Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup.
* Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap.
* Low-Level Key Binding:: Legacy key syntax description.
* Remapping Commands:: A keymap can translate one command to another.
* Translation Keymaps:: Keymaps for translating sequences of events.
* Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys.
* Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help.
* Menu Keymaps:: Defining a menu as a keymap.
Menu Keymaps
* Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu.
* Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse.
* Keyboard Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the keyboard.
* Menu Example:: Making a simple menu.
* Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar.
* Tool Bar:: A tool bar is a row of images.
* Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu.
* Easy Menu:: A convenience macro for defining menus.
Defining Menus
* Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding.
* Extended Menu Items:: More complex menu item definitions.
* Menu Separators:: Drawing a horizontal line through a menu.
* Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items.
Major and Minor Modes
* Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks.
* Major Modes:: Defining major modes.
* Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes.
* Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
* Imenu:: Providing a menu of definitions made in a buffer.
* Outline Minor Mode:: Outline mode to use with other major modes.
* Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax.
* Auto-Indentation:: How to teach Emacs to indent for a major mode.
* Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between
Emacs sessions.
Hooks
* Running Hooks:: How to run a hook.
* Setting Hooks:: How to put functions on a hook, or remove them.
Major Modes
* Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc.
* Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically.
* Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode.
* Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major
mode.
* Basic Major Modes:: Modes that other modes are often derived from.
* Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions.
* Tabulated List Mode:: Parent mode for buffers containing tabulated data.
* Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports
comment syntax and Font Lock mode.
* Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes.
Minor Modes
* Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode.
* Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap.
* Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes.
Mode Line Format
* Mode Line Basics:: Basic ideas of mode line control.
* Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line.
* Mode Line Top:: The top level variable, mode-line-format.
* Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure.
* %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line.
* Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line.
* Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top.
* Tab Lines:: A line that is above the header line.
* Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would.
Font Lock Mode
* Font Lock Basics:: Overview of customizing Font Lock.
* Search-based Fontification:: Fontification based on regexps.
* Customizing Keywords:: Customizing search-based fontification.
* Other Font Lock Variables:: Additional customization facilities.
* Levels of Font Lock:: Each mode can define alternative levels
so that the user can select more or less.
* Precalculated Fontification:: How Lisp programs that produce the buffer
contents can also specify how to fontify it.
* Faces for Font Lock:: Special faces specifically for Font Lock.
* Syntactic Font Lock:: Fontification based on syntax tables.
* Multiline Font Lock:: How to coerce Font Lock into properly
highlighting multiline constructs.
* Parser-based Font Lock:: Use parse data for fontification.
Multiline Font Lock Constructs
* Font Lock Multiline:: Marking multiline chunks with a text property.
* Region to Refontify:: Controlling which region gets refontified
after a buffer change.
Automatic Indentation of code
* SMIE:: A simple minded indentation engine.
* Parser-based Indentation:: Parser-based indentation engine.
Simple Minded Indentation Engine
* SMIE setup:: SMIE setup and features.
* Operator Precedence Grammars:: A very simple parsing technique.
* SMIE Grammar:: Defining the grammar of a language.
* SMIE Lexer:: Defining tokens.
* SMIE Tricks:: Working around the parser's limitations.
* SMIE Indentation:: Specifying indentation rules.
* SMIE Indentation Helpers:: Helper functions for indentation rules.
* SMIE Indentation Example:: Sample indentation rules.
* SMIE Customization:: Customizing indentation.
Documentation
* Documentation Basics:: Where doc strings are defined and stored.
* Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings.
* Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings.
* Text Quoting Style:: Quotation marks in doc strings and messages.
* Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of
non-printing characters and key sequences.
* Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities.
Files
* Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
* Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files.
* Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting.
* Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers.
* File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
simultaneous editing by two people.
* Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
* Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing permissions, etc.
* File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names.
* Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
* Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories.
* Magic File Names:: Special handling for certain file names.
* Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats.
Visiting Files
* Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting.
* Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.
Information about Files
* Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable?
* Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link?
* Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name.
* File Attributes:: File sizes, modification times, etc.
* Extended Attributes:: Extended file attributes for access control.
* Locating Files:: How to find a file in standard places.
File Names
* File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
* Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory.
* Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory
is different from its name as a file.
* File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
* Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files.
* File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
* Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name,
how to handle various operating systems simply.
File Format Conversion
* Format Conversion Overview:: @code{insert-file-contents} and @code{write-region}.
* Format Conversion Round-Trip:: Using @code{format-alist}.
* Format Conversion Piecemeal:: Specifying non-paired conversion.
Backups and Auto-Saving
* Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names
are chosen.
* Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their
names are chosen.
* Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize
what it does.
Backup Files
* Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when.
* Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file
or copying it.
* Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file.
* Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization.
Buffers
* Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer?
* Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current
so that primitives will access its contents.
* Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names.
* Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file
is visited.
* Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved.
* Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed
behind Emacs's back.
* Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a
read-only buffer.
* Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers.
* Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers.
* Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed.
* Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some
other buffer.
* Swapping Text:: Swapping text between two buffers.
* Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer.
Windows
* Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows.
* Windows and Frames:: Relating windows to the frame they appear on.
* Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in.
* Window Sizes:: Accessing a window's size.
* Resizing Windows:: Changing the sizes of windows.
* Preserving Window Sizes:: Preserving the size of windows.
* Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows.
* Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
* Recombining Windows:: Preserving the frame layout when splitting and
deleting windows.
* Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows.
* Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
* Switching Buffers:: Higher-level functions for switching to a buffer.
* Displaying Buffers:: Displaying a buffer in a suitable window.
* Window History:: Each window remembers the buffers displayed in it.
* Dedicated Windows:: How to avoid displaying another buffer in
a specific window.
* Quitting Windows:: How to restore the state prior to displaying a
buffer.
* Side Windows:: Special windows on a frame's sides.
* Atomic Windows:: Preserving parts of the window layout.
* Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point.
* Window Start and End:: Buffer positions indicating which text is
on-screen in a window.
* Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window.
* Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window.
* Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window.
* Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows.
* Mouse Window Auto-selection:: Automatically selecting windows with the mouse.
* Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen.
* Window Parameters:: Associating additional information with windows.
* Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes,
redisplay going past a certain point,
or window configuration changes.
Displaying Buffers
* Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer.
* Buffer Display Action Functions:: Support functions for buffer display.
* Buffer Display Action Alists:: Alists for fine-tuning buffer display
action functions.
* Choosing Window Options:: Extra options affecting how buffers are displayed.
* Precedence of Action Functions:: A tutorial explaining the precedence of
buffer display action functions.
* The Zen of Buffer Display:: How to avoid that buffers get lost in between
windows.
Side Windows
* Displaying Buffers in Side Windows:: An action function for displaying
buffers in side windows.
* Side Window Options and Functions:: Further tuning of side windows.
* Frame Layouts with Side Windows:: Setting up frame layouts with side
windows.
Frames
* Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames.
* Multiple Terminals:: Displaying on several different devices.
* Frame Geometry:: Geometric properties of frames.
* Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc.
* Terminal Parameters:: Parameters common for all frames on terminal.
* Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles.
* Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted.
* Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames.
* Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use.
* Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame.
* Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons.
* Raising and Lowering:: Raising, Lowering and Restacking Frames.
* Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames.
* Child Frames:: Making a frame the child of another.
* Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves.
* Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it.
* Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from.
* Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no.
* Pointer Shape:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer.
* Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other X clients.
* Accessing Selections:: The multiple different kinds of selections.
* Yanking Media:: Yanking things that aren't plain text.
* Drag and Drop:: Internals of Drag-and-Drop implementation.
* Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names.
* Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text terminals.
* Resources:: Getting resource values from the server.
* Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal.
Frame Geometry
* Frame Layout:: Basic layout of frames.
* Frame Font:: The default font of a frame and how to set it.
* Frame Position:: The position of a frame on its display.
* Frame Size:: Specifying and retrieving a frame's size.
* Implied Frame Resizing:: Implied resizing of frames and how to prevent it.
Frame Parameters
* Parameter Access:: How to change a frame's parameters.
* Initial Parameters:: Specifying frame parameters when you make a frame.
* Window Frame Parameters:: List of frame parameters for window systems.
* Geometry:: Parsing geometry specifications.
Window Frame Parameters
* Basic Parameters:: Parameters that are fundamental.
* Position Parameters:: The position of the frame on the screen.
* Size Parameters:: Frame's size.
* Layout Parameters:: Size of parts of the frame, and
enabling or disabling some parts.
* Buffer Parameters:: Which buffers have been or should be shown.
* Frame Interaction Parameters:: Parameters for interacting with other
frames.
* Mouse Dragging Parameters:: Parameters for resizing and moving
frames with the mouse.
* Management Parameters:: Communicating with the window manager.
* Cursor Parameters:: Controlling the cursor appearance.
* Font and Color Parameters:: Fonts and colors for the frame text.
Positions
* Point:: The special position where editing takes place.
* Motion:: Changing point.
* Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes.
* Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer.
Motion
* Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters.
* Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words.
* Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer.
* Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text.
* Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed.
* List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps.
* Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set.
Markers
* Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
* Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker.
* Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
* Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character position.
* Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you
insert where it points.
* Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
* The Mark:: How the mark is implemented with a marker.
* The Region:: How to access the region.
Text
* Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point.
* Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion.
* Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers.
* Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer.
* Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text.
* Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer.
* User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text.
* The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for
later use.
* Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer.
* Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information.
How to control how much information is kept.
* Filling:: Functions for explicit filling.
* Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands.
* Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix
from context.
* Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines.
* Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer.
* Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them.
* Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation.
* Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer.
* Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters.
* Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears.
* Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing
the text or position stored in a register.
* Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer.
* Decompression:: Dealing with compressed data.
* Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding.
* Checksum/Hash:: Computing cryptographic hashes.
* Suspicious Text:: Determining whether a string is suspicious.
* GnuTLS Cryptography:: Cryptographic algorithms imported from GnuTLS.
* Database:: Interacting with an SQL database.
* Parsing HTML/XML:: Parsing HTML and XML.
* Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes atomically.
* Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed.
The Kill Ring
* Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring.
* Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text.
* Yanking:: How yanking is done.
* Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring.
* Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access.
* Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill ring data.
Indentation
* Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation.
* Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes.
* Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region.
* Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines.
* Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops.
* Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character.
Text Properties
* Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character.
* Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text.
* Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value.
* Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings.
* Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text.
* Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from
neighboring text.
* Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion
only when text is examined.
* Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text
do something when you click on them.
* Fields:: The @code{field} property defines
fields within the buffer.
* Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use
Lisp-visible text intervals.
Parsing HTML and XML
* Document Object Model:: Access, manipulate and search the @acronym{DOM}.
Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters
* Text Representations:: How Emacs represents text.
* Disabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
* Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa.
* Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi.
* Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to
codes of individual characters.
* Character Properties:: Character attributes that define their
behavior and handling.
* Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes
is divided into various character sets.
* Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer?
* Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion.
* Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files.
* Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various
non-ASCII characters without special keyboards.
* Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale.
Coding Systems
* Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts.
* Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems.
* Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names.
* User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system.
* Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices.
* Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system
for a single file operation.
* Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O.
* Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O.
Searching and Matching
* String Search:: Search for an exact match.
* Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching.
* Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings.
* Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp.
* POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match.
* Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched,
after a string or regexp search.
* Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing.
* Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,...
Regular Expressions
* Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions.
* Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax.
@ifnottex
* Rx Notation:: An alternative, structured regexp notation.
@end ifnottex
* Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions.
* Regexp Problems:: Some problems and how they may be avoided.
Syntax of Regular Expressions
* Regexp Special:: Special characters in regular expressions.
* Char Classes:: Character classes used in regular expressions.
* Regexp Backslash:: Backslash-sequences in regular expressions.
The Match Data
* Replacing Match:: Replacing a substring that was matched.
* Simple Match Data:: Accessing single items of match data,
such as where a particular subexpression started.
* Entire Match Data:: Accessing the entire match data at once, as a list.
* Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring the match data.
Syntax Tables
* Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables.
* Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified.
* Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables.
* Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties.
* Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes.
* Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions
using the syntax table.
* Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored.
* Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax.
Parsing Expression Grammars
* PEX Definitions:: The syntax of PEX rules
* Parsing Actions:: Running actions upon successful parsing.
* Writing PEG Rules:: Tips for writing parsing rules.
Parsing Program Source
* Language Grammar:: Loading tree-sitter language grammar.
* Using Parser:: Introduction to parsers.
* Retrieving Nodes:: Retrieving nodes from a syntax tree.
* Accessing Node Information:: Accessing node information.
* Pattern Matching:: Pattern matching with query patterns.
* Multiple Languages:: Parse text written in multiple languages.
* Tree-sitter Major Modes:: Develop major modes using tree-sitter.
* Tree-sitter C API:: Compare the C API and the ELisp API.
Syntax Descriptors
* Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes.
* Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have.
Parsing Expressions
* Motion via Parsing:: Motion functions that work by parsing.
* Position Parse:: Determining the syntactic state of a position.
* Parser State:: How Emacs represents a syntactic state.
* Low-Level Parsing:: Parsing across a specified region.
* Control Parsing:: Parameters that affect parsing.
Abbrevs and Abbrev Expansion
* Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables.
* Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions.
* Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files.
* Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines.
* Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes.
* Abbrev Properties:: How to read and set abbrev properties.
Which properties have which effect.
* Abbrev Table Properties:: How to read and set abbrev table properties.
Which properties have which effect.
Threads
* Basic Thread Functions:: Basic thread functions.
* Mutexes:: Mutexes allow exclusive access to data.
* Condition Variables:: Inter-thread events.
* The Thread List:: Show the active threads.
Processes
* Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses.
* Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell.
* Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses.
* Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess.
* Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess.
* Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes.
* Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess.
* Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting
an asynchronous subprocess.
* Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess.
* Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes.
* Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process.
* System Processes:: Accessing other processes running on your system.
* Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses.
* Network:: Opening network connections.
* Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections.
* Datagrams:: UDP network connections.
* Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function
to create connections and servers.
* Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for net connections.
* Serial Ports:: Communicating with serial ports.
* Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data.
Receiving Output from Processes
* Process Buffers:: By default, output is put in a buffer.
* Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process.
* Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings.
* Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives.
Low-Level Network Access
* Network Processes:: Using @code{make-network-process}.
* Network Options:: Further control over network connections.
* Network Feature Testing:: Determining which network features work on
the machine you are using.
Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays
* Bindat Types:: Describing data layout.
* Bindat Functions:: Doing the unpacking and packing.
* Bindat Computed Types:: Advanced data layout specifications.
Emacs Display
* Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it.
* Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay.
* Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines.
* The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen.
* Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user.
* Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text.
* Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way).
* Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically.
* Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer.
* Size of Displayed Text:: How large displayed text is.
* Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines.
* Faces:: A face defines a graphics style
for text characters: font, colors, etc.
* Fringes:: Controlling window fringes.
* Scroll Bars:: Controlling scroll bars.
* Window Dividers:: Separating windows visually.
* Display Property:: Enabling special display features.
* Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers.
* Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers.
* Abstract Display:: Emacs's Widget for Object Collections.
* Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis.
* Character Display:: How Emacs displays individual characters.
* Beeping:: Audible signal to the user.
* Window Systems:: Which window system is being used.
* Tooltips:: Tooltip display in Emacs.
* Bidirectional Display:: Display of bidirectional scripts, such as
Arabic and Farsi.
The Echo Area
* Displaying Messages:: Explicitly displaying text in the echo area.
* Progress:: Informing user about progress of a long operation.
* Logging Messages:: Echo area messages are logged for the user.
* Echo Area Customization:: Controlling the echo area.
Reporting Warnings
* Warning Basics:: Warnings concepts and functions to report them.
* Warning Variables:: Variables programs bind to customize
their warnings.
* Warning Options:: Variables users set to control display of warnings.
* Delayed Warnings:: Deferring a warning until the end of a command.
Overlays
* Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays.
* Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties.
What properties do to the screen display.
* Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays.
Faces
* Face Attributes:: What is in a face?
* Defining Faces:: How to define a face.
* Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes.
* Displaying Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for
a character.
* Face Remapping:: Remapping faces to alternative definitions.
* Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces.
* Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment.
* Basic Faces:: Faces that are defined by default.
* Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face.
* Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts
and information about them.
* Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts
that handle a range of character sets.
* Low-Level Font:: Lisp representation for character display fonts.
Fringes
* Fringe Size/Pos:: Specifying where to put the window fringes.
* Fringe Indicators:: Displaying indicator icons in the window fringes.
* Fringe Cursors:: Displaying cursors in the right fringe.
* Fringe Bitmaps:: Specifying bitmaps for fringe indicators.
* Customizing Bitmaps:: Specifying your own bitmaps to use in the fringes.
* Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position.
The @code{display} Property
* Replacing Specs:: Display specs that replace the text.
* Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width.
* Pixel Specification:: Specifying space width or height in pixels.
* Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; adjusting the height,
spacing, and other properties of text.
* Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of
the main text.
Images
* Image Formats:: Supported image formats.
* Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}.
* XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format.
* XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format.
* ImageMagick Images:: Special features available through ImageMagick.
* Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported.
* Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use.
* Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once
it is defined.
* Multi-Frame Images:: Some images contain more than one frame.
* Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display.
Buttons
* Button Properties:: Button properties with special meanings.
* Button Types:: Defining common properties for classes of buttons.
* Making Buttons:: Adding buttons to Emacs buffers.
* Manipulating Buttons:: Getting and setting properties of buttons.
* Button Buffer Commands:: Buffer-wide commands and bindings for buttons.
Abstract Display
* Abstract Display Functions:: Functions in the Ewoc package.
* Abstract Display Example:: Example of using Ewoc.
Character Display
* Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying characters.
* Display Tables:: What a display table consists of.
* Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use.
* Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean.
* Glyphless Chars:: How glyphless characters are drawn.
Operating System Interface
* Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs startup processing.
* Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary).
* System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system.
* User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user.
* Time of Day:: Getting the current time.
* Time Conversion:: Converting among timestamp forms.
* Time Parsing:: Converting timestamps to text and vice versa.
* Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs.
* Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc.
* Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a
certain time.
* Idle Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function when Emacs has
been idle for a certain length of time.
* Terminal Input:: Accessing and recording terminal input.
* Terminal Output:: Controlling and recording terminal output.
* Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker.
* X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows.
* Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction.
* Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with
X Session Management.
* Desktop Notifications:: Desktop notifications.
* File Notifications:: File notifications.
* Dynamic Libraries:: On-demand loading of support libraries.
* Security Considerations:: Running Emacs in an unfriendly environment.
Starting Up Emacs
* Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at startup.
* Init File:: Details on reading the init file.
* Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read.
* Command-Line Arguments:: How command-line arguments are processed,
and how you can customize them.
Getting Out of Emacs
* Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly.
* Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly.
Terminal Input
* Input Modes:: Options for how input is processed.
* Recording Input:: Saving histories of recent or all input events.
Preparing Lisp code for distribution
* Packaging Basics:: The basic concepts of Emacs Lisp packages.
* Simple Packages:: How to package a single .el file.
* Multi-file Packages:: How to package multiple files.
* Package Archives:: Maintaining package archives.
Tips and Conventions
* Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs.
* Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs.
* Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs.
* Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast.
* Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings.
* Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings.
* Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments.
* Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages.
GNU Emacs Internals
* Building Emacs:: How the dumped Emacs is made.
* Pure Storage:: Kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions shareable.
* Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used.
* Stack-allocated Objects:: Temporary conses and strings on C stack.
* Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far.
* C Dialect:: What C variant Emacs is written in.
* Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs.
* Writing Dynamic Modules:: Writing loadable modules for Emacs.
* Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes.
* C Integer Types:: How C integer types are used inside Emacs.
Writing Dynamic Modules
* Module Initialization::
* Module Functions::
* Module Values::
* Module Misc::
* Module Nonlocal::
Object Internals
* Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure.
* Window Internals:: Components of a window structure.
* Process Internals:: Components of a process structure.
@end detailmenu
@end menu
@ifclear VOL2
@include intro.texi
@include objects.texi
@include numbers.texi
@include strings.texi
@include lists.texi
@include sequences.texi
@include records.texi
@include hash.texi
@include symbols.texi
@include eval.texi
@include control.texi
@include variables.texi
@include functions.texi
@include macros.texi
@include customize.texi
@include loading.texi
@include compile.texi
@c This includes edebug.texi.
@include debugging.texi
@include streams.texi
@include minibuf.texi
@include commands.texi
@include keymaps.texi
@include modes.texi
@include help.texi
@include files.texi
@include backups.texi
@end ifclear
@c ================ Beginning of Volume 2 ================
@ifclear VOL1
@include buffers.texi
@include windows.texi
@include frames.texi
@include positions.texi
@include markers.texi
@include text.texi
@include nonascii.texi
@include searching.texi
@include syntax.texi
@include peg.texi
@include parsing.texi
@include abbrevs.texi
@include threads.texi
@include processes.texi
@include display.texi
@include os.texi
@include package.texi
@c appendices
@include anti.texi
@node GNU Free Documentation License
@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
@include doclicense.texi
@node GPL
@appendix GNU General Public License
@include gpl.texi
@include tips.texi
@include internals.texi
@include errors.texi
@include maps.texi
@include hooks.texi
@include index.texi
@end ifclear
@ignore
@node New Symbols
@unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition
@printindex tp
@end ignore
@bye
These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs.
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