1052 lines
37 KiB
EmacsLisp
1052 lines
37 KiB
EmacsLisp
;;; iroquoian.el --- Quail packages for inputting Iroquoian languages -*- lexical-binding: t; coding: utf-8; -*-
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;; Copyright (C) 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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;; Author: Kierin Bell <fernseed@fernseed.me>
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;; Keywords: i18n
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;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.
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;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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;; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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;; (at your option) any later version.
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;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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;; GNU General Public License for more details.
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;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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;; along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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;;; Commentary:
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;; This file implements input methods for Northern Iroquoian languages.
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;; Input methods are implemented for all Five Nations Iroquois
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;; languages:
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;; - Mohawk (Kanien’kéha / Onkwehonwehnéha)
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;; - Oneida (Onʌyota:ká: / Ukwehuwehnéha)
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;; - Onondaga (Onųdaʔgegáʔ)
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;; - Cayuga (Gayogo̱ho:nǫhnéha:ˀ)
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;; - Seneca (Onödowá’ga:’)
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;; A composite input method for all of the languages above is also
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;; defined: `haudenosaunee-postfix'.
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;; Input methods are not yet implemented for the remaining Northern
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;; Iroquoian languages, including:
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;; - Tuscarora (Skarù:ręʔ)
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;; - Wendat (Huron) / Wyandot
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;;; Code:
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(require 'quail)
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(require 'seq)
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(require 'pcase)
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;;; Mohawk
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;;
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;; There are several orthographies used today to write Mohawk in
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;; different communities, but differences are small and mainly involve
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;; differences in representation of the palatal glide [j] (written <i>
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;; in Eastern/Central dialects and <y> in Western dialects). The
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;; following input method should work for all of variants.
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;;
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;; Reference work for orthographies used by speakers of Eastern
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;; (Kahnawà:ke, Kanehsatà:ke, Wáhta) and Central (Ahkwesahsne) dialects
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;; of Mohawk:
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;;
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;; Lazore, Dorothy Karihwénhawe. 1993. The Mohawk language
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;; Standardisation Project, Conference Report. Ontario: Literacy
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;; Ontario.
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;;
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;; Reference work for the orthography commonly used by speakers of
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;; Western dialects of Mohawk (Tyendinaga, Ohswé:ken):
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;;
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;; Brian Maracle. 2021. 1st Year Adult Immersion Program 2020-21.
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;; Ohsweken, ON, Canada: Onkwawenna Kentyohkwa. Unpublished curriculum
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;; document written by staff for the Okwawenna Kentyohkwa adult
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;; immersion program.
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;;
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(defconst iroquoian-mohawk-modifier-alist nil
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"Alist of rules for modifier letters in Mohawk input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(defconst iroquoian-mohawk-vowel-alist
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'(("a'" ?á)
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("a`" ?à)
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("A'" ?Á)
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("A`" ?À)
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("e'" ?é)
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("e`" ?è)
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("E'" ?É)
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("E`" ?È)
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("i'" ?í)
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("i`" ?ì)
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("I'" ?Í)
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("I`" ?Ì)
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("o'" ?ó)
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("o`" ?ò)
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("O'" ?Ó)
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("O`" ?Ò)
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("a''" ["a'"])
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("a``" ["a`"])
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("A''" ["A'"])
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("A``" ["A`"])
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("e''" ["e'"])
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("e``" ["e`"])
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("E''" ["E'"])
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("E``" ["E`"])
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("i''" ["i'"])
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("i``" ["i`"])
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("I''" ["I'"])
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("I``" ["I`"])
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("o''" ["o'"])
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("o``" ["o`"])
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("O''" ["O'"])
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("O``" ["O`"]))
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"Alist of rules for vowel letters in Mohawk input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(defconst iroquoian-mohawk-consonant-alist
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'((";;" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}))
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"Alist of rules for consonant letters in Mohawk input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(quail-define-package
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"mohawk-postfix" "Mohawk" "MOH<" t
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"Mohawk (Kanien’kéha) input method with postfix modifiers
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Stress diacritics:
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| Key | Description | Example |
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|------+--------------+---------|
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| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
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| \\=` | Grave accent | a` -> à |
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Doubling any of these postfixes separates the letter and the postfix.
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Vowels:
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a, e, i, and o are bound to a single key.
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Consonants:
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| Key | Translation | Description |
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|-----+-------------+--------------|
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| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
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h, k, n, r, s, t, w, and y are bound to a single key.
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b, m, and p are used rarely in ideophones and loan words. They are also
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each bound to a single key.
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All Haudenosaunee languages, including Mohawk, can be input
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simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
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nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
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(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
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(append iroquoian-mohawk-modifier-alist
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iroquoian-mohawk-consonant-alist
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iroquoian-mohawk-vowel-alist))
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(quail-defrule key trans))
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;;; Oneida
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;;
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;; There are slight variations in the orthographies used today to write
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;; Oneida. The differences mainly involve in representation of vowel
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;; length and glottal stops.
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;;
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;; Reference work for Oneida orthography:
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;;
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;; Michelson, K., Doxtator, M. and Doxtator, M.A.. 2002.
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;; Oneida-English/English-Oneida dictionary. Toronto: University of
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;; Toronto Press.
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;;
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;; Orthographic variation from personal familiarity with community
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;; language programs and curricula.
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;;
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(defconst iroquoian-oneida-modifier-alist
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'(("::" ?\N{MIDDLE DOT}))
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"Alist of rules for modifier letters in Oneida input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(defconst iroquoian-oneida-vowel-alist
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'(("a'" ?á)
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("A'" ?Á)
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("e'" ?é)
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("E'" ?É)
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("i'" ?í)
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("I'" ?Í)
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("o'" ?ó)
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("O'" ?Ó)
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("u'" ?ú)
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("U'" ?Ú)
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("e/" ?ʌ)
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("e/'" ["ʌ́"])
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("E/" ?Ʌ)
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("E/'" ["Ʌ́"])
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("a''" ["a'"])
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("A''" ["A'"])
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("e''" ["e'"])
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("E''" ["E'"])
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("i''" ["i'"])
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("I''" ["I'"])
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("o''" ["o'"])
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("O''" ["O'"])
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("u''" ["u'"])
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("U''" ["U'"])
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("e//" ["e/"])
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("e/''" ["ʌ'"])
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("E//" ["E/"])
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("E/''" ["Ʌ'"]))
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"Alist of rules for vowel letters in Oneida input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(defconst iroquoian-oneida-consonant-alist
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'((";;" ?\N{MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP})
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(";'" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}))
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"Alist of rules for consonant letters in Oneida input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(defconst iroquoian-oneida-devoicing-alist
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'(("_" ?\N{COMBINING LOW LINE})
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("__" ?_))
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"Alist of rules for devoicing characters in Oneida input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(quail-define-package
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"oneida-postfix" "Oneida" "ONE<" t
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"Oneida (Onʌyota:ká:) input method with postfix modifiers
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Modifiers:
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| Key | Translation | Description |
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|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
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| :: | · | Vowel length |
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Stress diacritics:
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| Key | Description | Example |
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|------+--------------+---------|
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| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
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Doubling the postfix separates the letter and the postfix.
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Vowels:
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| Key | Translation | Description |
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|-----+-------------+-----------------------------------|
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| e/ | ʌ | Mid central nasal vowel |
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| E/ | Ʌ | Mid central nasal vowel (capital) |
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a, e, i, o, and u are bound to a single key.
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Consonants:
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| Key | Translation | Description |
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|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
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| ;; | ˀ | Glottal stop |
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| ;\\=' | \\=’ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
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h, k, l, n, s, t, w, and y are bound to a single key.
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Devoicing:
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| Key | Description | Example |
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|-----+--------------------+----------|
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| _ | Combining low line | a_ -> a̲ |
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Note: Not all fonts can properly display a combining low line on all
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letters.
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Underlining is commonly used in Oneida to indicate devoiced syllables on
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pre-pausal forms (also called utterance-final forms). Alternatively,
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markup or other methods can be used to create an underlining effect.
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To enter a plain underscore, type the underscore twice.
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All Haudenosaunee languages, including Oneida, can be input
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simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
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nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
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(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
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(append iroquoian-oneida-modifier-alist
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iroquoian-oneida-consonant-alist
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iroquoian-oneida-vowel-alist
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iroquoian-oneida-devoicing-alist))
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(quail-defrule key trans))
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;;; Onondaga
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;;
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;; There are three main orthographies for Onondaga in contemporary use:
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;; the community orthography used at Six Nations of the Grand River, the
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;; community orthography used at Onondaga Nation in New York, and the
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;; orthography used by Hanni Woodbury in her 2003 dictionary (see
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;; below). The latter is included because of its adoption in academia
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;; and also by some contemporary second-language learners.
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;; Additionally, Woodbury's dictionary provides a helpful description of
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;; the community orthographies that is still applicable today.
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;;
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;; The differences between the orthographies are small, involving
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;; representation of nasal vowels (ęand ǫat Six Nations of the Grand
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;; River, eñ and oñ at Onondaga in New York, and ęand ųfollowing
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;; Woodbury's dictionary), the low front rounded vowel (äat Six Nations
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;; and Onondaga Nation and æ following Woodbury), vowel length (:
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;; [colon] after a vowel in community orthographies and · [middle dot]
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;; following Woodbury), and glottal stops (’ [right single quotation
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;; mark] in community orthographies and ʔ [latin letter glottal stop]
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;; following Woodbury). The input method here aims to accommodate all
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;; three of these orthographies.
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;;
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;; Reference work for Onondaga orthography:
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;;
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;; Hanni Woodbury. 2003. Onondaga-English/English-Onondaga
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;; Dictionary. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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;;
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(defconst iroquoian-onondaga-modifier-alist
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'(("::" ?\N{MIDDLE DOT}))
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"Alist of rules for modifier letters in Onondaga input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(defconst iroquoian-onondaga-vowel-alist
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'(("a'" ?á)
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("A'" ?Á)
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("e'" ?é)
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("E'" ?É)
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("i'" ?í)
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("I'" ?Í)
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("o'" ?ó)
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("O'" ?Ó)
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("e," ?ę)
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("e,'" ["ę́"])
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("E," ?Ę)
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("E,'" ["Ę́"])
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("o," ?ǫ)
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("o,'" ["ǫ́"])
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("O," ?Ǫ)
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("O,'" ["Ǫ́"])
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("a\"" ?ä)
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("a\"'" ["ä́"])
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("A\"" ?Ä)
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("A\"'" ["Ä́"])
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;; From Woodbury (2003) orthography:
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("a/" ?æ)
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("a/'" ["ǽ"])
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("A/" ?Æ)
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("A/'" ["Ǽ"])
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("u," ?ų)
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("u,'" ["ų́"])
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("U," ?Ų)
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("U,'" ["Ų́"])
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("a''" ["a'"])
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("A''" ["A'"])
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("e''" ["e'"])
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("E''" ["E'"])
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("i''" ["i'"])
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("I''" ["I'"])
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("o''" ["o'"])
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("O''" ["O'"])
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("e,," ["e,"])
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("e,''" ["ę'"])
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("E,," ["E,"])
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("E,''" ["Ę'"])
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("o,," ["o,"])
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("o,''" ["ǫ'"])
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("O,," ["O,"])
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("O,''" ["Ǫ'"])
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("a\"\"" ["a\""])
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("a\"''" ["ä'"])
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("A\"\"" ["A\""])
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("A\"''" ["Ä'"])
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("a//" ["a/"])
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("a/''" ["æ'"])
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("A//" ["A/"])
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("A/''" ["Æ'"])
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("u,," ["u,"])
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("u,''" ["ų'"])
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("U,," ["U,"])
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("U,''" ["Ų'"]))
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"Alist of rules for vowel letters in Onondaga input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(defconst iroquoian-onondaga-consonant-alist
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'((";;" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK})
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(";:" ?\N{LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP}))
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"Alist of rules for consonant letters in Onondaga input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(defconst iroquoian-onondaga-nasal-alist
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'(("n-" ?ñ)
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("n--" ["n-"])
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("N-" ?Ñ)
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("N--" ["N-"]))
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"Alist of rules for nasal modifier letters in Onondaga input methods.
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Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
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(quail-define-package
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"onondaga-postfix" "Onondaga" "ONO<" t
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"Onondaga (Onųdaʔgegáʔ) input method with postfix modifiers
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Modifiers:
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| Key | Translation | Description |
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|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
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||
| :: | · | Vowel length (alternate) |
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||
|
||
Stress diacritics:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Description | Example |
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||
|------+--------------+---------|
|
||
| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
|
||
|
||
Doubling the postfix separates the letter and the postfix.
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||
|
||
Vowels:
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||
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| Key | Translation | Description |
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|-----+-------------+---------------------------------------|
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| Six Nations of the Grand River orthography |
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|-----------------------------------------------------------|
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| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
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| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
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| o, | ǫ | Back high nasal vowel |
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| O, | Ǫ | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
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| a\" | ä | Low front rounded vowel |
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| A\" | Ä | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
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|-----------------------------------------------------------|
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| Onondaga Nation, New York orthography |
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|-----------------------------------------------------------|
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| en- | eñ | Mid front nasal vowel |
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| EN- | EÑ | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
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| on- | oñ | Back high nasal vowel |
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| ON- | OÑ | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
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| a\" | ä | Low front rounded vowel |
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| A\" | Ä | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
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||
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
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||
| Dictionary orthography (Hanni Woodbury, 2003) |
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||
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
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| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
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| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
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| u, | ų | Back high nasal vowel |
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| U, | Ų | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
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| a/ | æ | Low front rounded vowel |
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| A/ | Æ | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
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||
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||
a, e, i, and o are bound to a single key.
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||
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||
Consonants:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Translation | Description |
|
||
|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
|
||
| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
|
||
| ;: | ʔ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
|
||
|
||
c, d, g, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, and y are bound to a single key.
|
||
|
||
All Haudenosaunee languages, including Onondaga, can be input
|
||
simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
|
||
nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
|
||
|
||
(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
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||
(append iroquoian-onondaga-modifier-alist
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iroquoian-onondaga-consonant-alist
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iroquoian-onondaga-nasal-alist
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iroquoian-onondaga-vowel-alist))
|
||
(quail-defrule key trans))
|
||
|
||
|
||
;;; Cayuga
|
||
|
||
;;
|
||
;; The primary community orthography used for the Cayuga language is
|
||
;; called the Henry orthography, after important language revitalist
|
||
;; Reginald Henry. There are slight variations, particularly in which
|
||
;; letter is used to represent the glottal stop. While the most common
|
||
;; seems to be <ˀ> [modifier letter glottal stop], this input method
|
||
;; provides mappings for other glottal stop letters in common use.
|
||
;; Other common orthographies should be covered by this input method as
|
||
;; well.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Reference work for Cayuga orthography:
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Carrie Dyck, Frances Froman, Alfred Keye & Lottie Keye. 2024. A
|
||
;; grammar and dictionary of Gayogo̱hó:nǫˀ (Cayuga) (Estudios de
|
||
;; Lingüística Amerindia 1). Berlin: Language Science Press.
|
||
;;
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-cayuga-modifier-alist nil
|
||
"Alist of rules for modifier letters in Cayuga input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-cayuga-vowel-alist
|
||
'(("a'" ?á)
|
||
("a-" ["a̱"])
|
||
("A'" ?Á)
|
||
("A-" ["A̱"])
|
||
("e'" ?é)
|
||
("e-" ["e̱"])
|
||
("E'" ?É)
|
||
("E-" ["E̱"])
|
||
("i'" ?í)
|
||
("i-" ["i̱"])
|
||
("I'" ?Í)
|
||
("I-" ["I̱"])
|
||
("o'" ?ó)
|
||
("o-" ["o̱"])
|
||
("O'" ?Ó)
|
||
("O-" ["O̱"])
|
||
("u'" ?ú)
|
||
("u-" ["u̱"])
|
||
("U'" ?Ú)
|
||
("U-" ["U̱"])
|
||
("e," ?ę)
|
||
("e,'" ["ę́"])
|
||
("e,-" ["ę̱"])
|
||
("E," ?Ę)
|
||
("E,'" ["Ę́"])
|
||
("E,-" ["Ę̱"])
|
||
("o," ?ǫ)
|
||
("o,'" ["ǫ́"])
|
||
("o,-" ["ǫ̱"])
|
||
("O," ?Ǫ)
|
||
("O,'" ["Ǫ́"])
|
||
("O,-" ["Ǫ̱"])
|
||
|
||
("a''" ["a'"])
|
||
("a--" ["a-"])
|
||
("A''" ["A'"])
|
||
("A--" ["A-"])
|
||
("e''" ["e'"])
|
||
("e--" ["e-"])
|
||
("E''" ["E'"])
|
||
("E--" ["E-"])
|
||
("i''" ["i'"])
|
||
("i--" ["i-"])
|
||
("I''" ["I'"])
|
||
("I--" ["I-"])
|
||
("o''" ["o'"])
|
||
("o--" ["o-"])
|
||
("O''" ["O'"])
|
||
("O--" ["O-"])
|
||
("u''" ["u'"])
|
||
("u--" ["u-"])
|
||
("U''" ["U'"])
|
||
("U--" ["U-"])
|
||
("e,," ["e,"])
|
||
("e,''" ["ę'"])
|
||
("e,--" ["ę-"])
|
||
("E,," ["E,"])
|
||
("E,''" ["Ę'"])
|
||
("E,--" ["Ę-"])
|
||
("o,," ["o,"])
|
||
("o,''" ["ǫ'"])
|
||
("o,--" ["ǫ-"])
|
||
("O,," ["O,"])
|
||
("O,''" ["Ǫ'"])
|
||
("O,--" ["Ǫ-"]))
|
||
"Alist of rules for vowel letters in Cayuga input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-cayuga-consonant-alist
|
||
'((";;" ?\N{MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP})
|
||
(";'" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}))
|
||
"Alist of rules for consonant letters in Cayuga input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(quail-define-package
|
||
"cayuga-postfix" "Cayuga" "CAY<" t
|
||
"Cayuga (Gayogo̱ho:nǫhnéha:ˀ) input method with postfix modifiers
|
||
|
||
Stress diacritics:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Description | Example |
|
||
|------+--------------+---------|
|
||
| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
|
||
|
||
Doubling the postfix separates the letter and the postfix.
|
||
|
||
Vowels:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Translation | Description |
|
||
|-----+-------------+---------------------------------|
|
||
| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
|
||
| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| o, | ǫ | Mid back nasal vowel |
|
||
| O, | Ǫ | Mid back nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
|
||
a, e, i, o, and u are bound to a single key.
|
||
|
||
Consonants:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Translation | Description |
|
||
|-------+-------------+--------------------------|
|
||
| ;; | ˀ | Glottal stop |
|
||
| ;\\=' | \\=’ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
|
||
|
||
d, g, h, j, k, n, r, s, t, w, y, and f are bound to a single key.
|
||
|
||
Devoicing:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Description | Example |
|
||
|-----+------------------------+----------|
|
||
| - | Combining macron below | a- -> a̱ |
|
||
|
||
Note: Not all fonts can properly display a combining macron low on all
|
||
vowels.
|
||
|
||
To enter a plain hyphen after a vowel, simply type the hyphen twice.
|
||
|
||
All Haudenosaunee languages, including Cayuga, can be input
|
||
simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
|
||
nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
|
||
|
||
(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
|
||
(append iroquoian-cayuga-modifier-alist
|
||
iroquoian-cayuga-consonant-alist
|
||
iroquoian-cayuga-vowel-alist))
|
||
(quail-defrule key trans))
|
||
|
||
|
||
;;; Seneca
|
||
|
||
;;
|
||
;; The orthography for the Seneca language is fairly stable with only
|
||
;; minor variations, for example, <sy> vs. <š> (currently preferred in
|
||
;; community orthography) for the voiceless postalveolar fricative.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; In the common community orthography, I'm told that acute and grave
|
||
;; accents occur rarely and only on nasal vowels (personal
|
||
;; communication). However, in works by Wallace Chafe, stress is
|
||
;; indicated on non-nasal vowels, as well. The maximal set of letters
|
||
;; with accent diacritics is included for the input method, even though
|
||
;; many of them apparently don't occur in community orthographies.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Reference works for Seneca orthography:
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Phyllis E. Wms. Bardeau. 2002. Onondowa'ga:' Gawe:no': New Reference
|
||
;; Edition. Salamanca, NY: The Seneca Nation of Indians Allegany
|
||
;; Education Department.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Wallace Chafe. 2015. A Grammar of the Seneca Language. Oakland, CA:
|
||
;; University of California Press.
|
||
;;
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-seneca-modifier-alist nil
|
||
"Alist of rules for modifier letters in Seneca input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-seneca-vowel-alist
|
||
'(("a'" ?á)
|
||
("a`" ?à)
|
||
("A'" ?Á)
|
||
("A`" ?À)
|
||
("e'" ?é)
|
||
("e`" ?è)
|
||
("E'" ?É)
|
||
("E`" ?È)
|
||
("i'" ?í)
|
||
("i`" ?ì)
|
||
("I'" ?Í)
|
||
("I`" ?Ì)
|
||
("o'" ?ó)
|
||
("o`" ?ò)
|
||
("O'" ?Ó)
|
||
("O`" ?Ò)
|
||
("a\"" ?ä)
|
||
("a\"'" ["ä́"])
|
||
("a\"`" ["ä̀"])
|
||
("A\"" ?Ä)
|
||
("A\"'" ["Ä́"])
|
||
("A\"`" ["Ä̀"])
|
||
("e\"" ?ë)
|
||
("e\"'" ["ë́"])
|
||
("e\"`" ["ë̀"])
|
||
("E\"" ?Ë)
|
||
("E\"'" ["Ë́"])
|
||
("E\"`" ["Ë̀"])
|
||
("o\"" ?ö)
|
||
("o\"'" ["ö́"])
|
||
("o\"`" ["ö̀"])
|
||
("O\"" ?Ö)
|
||
("O\"'" ["Ö́"])
|
||
("O\"`" ["Ö̀"])
|
||
;; Rare (e.g., niwú’u:h 'it is tiny' [Chafe 2015]):
|
||
("u'" ?ú)
|
||
("u`" ?ù)
|
||
("U'" ?Ú)
|
||
("U`" ?Ù)
|
||
|
||
("a''" ["a'"])
|
||
("a``" ["a`"])
|
||
("A''" ["A'"])
|
||
("A``" ["A`"])
|
||
("e''" ["e'"])
|
||
("e``" ["e`"])
|
||
("E''" ["E'"])
|
||
("E``" ["E`"])
|
||
("i''" ["i'"])
|
||
("i``" ["i`"])
|
||
("I''" ["I'"])
|
||
("I``" ["I`"])
|
||
("o''" ["o'"])
|
||
("o``" ["o`"])
|
||
("O''" ["O'"])
|
||
("O``" ["O`"])
|
||
("a\"\"" ["a\""])
|
||
("a\"''" ["ä'"])
|
||
("a\"``" ["ä`"])
|
||
("A\"\"" ["A\""])
|
||
("A\"''" ["Ä'"])
|
||
("A\"``" ["Ä`"])
|
||
("e\"\"" ["e\""])
|
||
("e\"''" ["ë'"])
|
||
("e\"``" ["ë`"])
|
||
("E\"\"" ["E\""])
|
||
("E\"''" ["Ë'"])
|
||
("E\"``" ["Ë`"])
|
||
("o\"\"" ["o\""])
|
||
("o\"''" ["ö'"])
|
||
("o\"``" ["ö`"])
|
||
("O\"\"" ["O\""])
|
||
("O\"''" ["Ö'"])
|
||
("O\"``" ["Ö`"])
|
||
("u''" ["u'"])
|
||
("u``" ["u`"])
|
||
("U''" ["U'"])
|
||
("U``" ["U`"]))
|
||
"Alist of rules for vowel letters in Seneca input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-seneca-consonant-alist
|
||
'((";;" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK})
|
||
("s/" ?š)
|
||
("s//" ["s/"])
|
||
("S/" ?Š)
|
||
("S//" ["S/"]))
|
||
"Alist of rules for consonant letters in Seneca input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(quail-define-package
|
||
"seneca-postfix" "Seneca" "SEE<" t
|
||
"Seneca (Onödowá’ga:’) input method with postfix modifiers
|
||
|
||
Stress diacritics:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Description | Example |
|
||
|------+--------------+---------|
|
||
| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á|
|
||
| \\=` | Grave accent | a` -> à|
|
||
|
||
Doubling any of these postfixes separates the letter and the postfix.
|
||
|
||
Vowels:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Translation | Description |
|
||
|-----+-------------+------------------------------------|
|
||
| e\" | ë | Mid front nasal vowel |
|
||
| E\" | Ë | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| o\" | ö | Low-mid back nasal vowel |
|
||
| O\" | Ö | Low-mid back nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| a\" | ä | Low front vowel |
|
||
| A\" | Ä | Low front vowel (capital) |
|
||
|
||
a, e, i, o, and u are bound to a single key.
|
||
|
||
Consonants:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Translation | Description |
|
||
|-------+-------------+--------------------------------------------|
|
||
| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
|
||
| s/ | š | Voiceless postalveolar fricative |
|
||
| S/ | Š | Voiceless postalveolar fricative (capital) |
|
||
|
||
d, g, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, y, and z are bound to a single key.
|
||
|
||
b, m, and p are used rarely in ideophones and nicknames. They are also
|
||
each bound to a single key.
|
||
|
||
All Haudenosaunee languages, including Seneca, can be input
|
||
simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
|
||
nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
|
||
|
||
(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
|
||
(append iroquoian-seneca-modifier-alist
|
||
iroquoian-seneca-consonant-alist
|
||
iroquoian-seneca-vowel-alist))
|
||
(quail-defrule key trans))
|
||
|
||
|
||
;;; Haudenosaunee (composite Northern Iroquoian)
|
||
|
||
;;
|
||
;; This input method represents a composite input method for all of the
|
||
;; Northern Iroquoian languages included above.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Although the "Iroquoian languages" is a standard term employed by
|
||
;; linguists and scholars, some believe the term "Iroquois" to be of
|
||
;; derogatory origin (see Dyck 2024). Hence, some prefer to refer to
|
||
;; what are collectively termed by linguists the "Five Nations Iroquois"
|
||
;; languages (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca) by the autonym
|
||
;; "Haudenosaunee" (e.g., "Haudenosaunee languages").
|
||
;;
|
||
;; However, it should be noted that the term "Haudenosaunee" is itself
|
||
;; an Anglicized form, probably from Seneca Hodínöhsö:ni:h 'they make
|
||
;; houses' or Hodínöhšo:ni:h 'People of the Long House'. Speakers of
|
||
;; Cayuga may prefer the word Hodinǫhsǫ:nih, and speakers of Mohawk may
|
||
;; prefer Rotinonhsón:ni or Rotinonhsíón:ni. These terms themselves
|
||
;; collectively relate to the confederacy of Indigenous nations that has
|
||
;; existed in what is now known as New York State in Northeastern North
|
||
;; America for many centuries, the founding of which is retold in oral
|
||
;; tradition in the story of The Peacemaker.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; It should also be noted that while Tuscarora and Wendat languages are
|
||
;; both sometimes included under the "Haudenosaunee languages" umbrella
|
||
;; (and by implication, those groups as a part of the Haudenosaunee
|
||
;; Confederacy), the exact extent of what defines "Haudenosaunee" has
|
||
;; occasionally caused controversy.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Additionally, some prefer to collectively refer to the "Haudenosaunee
|
||
;; languages" using the terms Onkwehonwehnéha (Mohawk), Ukwehuwehnéha
|
||
;; (Oneida), Ǫgwehǫwekhá’ (Onondaga), Ǫgwehǫwéhneha:ˀ (Cayuga), and
|
||
;; Ögwé’öwe:ka:’ (Seneca), which all mean 'in the manner of the Original
|
||
;; People'.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Bearing all of this in mind, I have opted to retain the term
|
||
;; "Iroquoian" in the name of this file (`iroquoian.el') (and hence, in
|
||
;; the symbol names in its namespace), while using "Haudenosaunee" in
|
||
;; the name of the input method that encompasses all of the languages so
|
||
;; far implemented: "haudenosaunee-postfix" --- this is the name shown
|
||
;; as a completion candidate after users enter M-x set-input-method RET.
|
||
;; Note that those searching for input methods for the individual
|
||
;; languages should have no problem finding them knowing only their
|
||
;; Anglicized names (e.g., Mohawk, Oneida, etc.), as these have been
|
||
;; retained in the names of the corresponding input methods.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Above all, I hope that these decisions help those who wish to speak,
|
||
;; read, and write Onkwehonwehnéha.
|
||
;;
|
||
;; Iorihowá:nen ne aiónhnheke’ ne raotiwén:na’!
|
||
;; It is important that the language continues to live!
|
||
;;
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-modifier-alist
|
||
(seq-uniq (append iroquoian-mohawk-modifier-alist
|
||
iroquoian-oneida-modifier-alist
|
||
iroquoian-onondaga-modifier-alist
|
||
iroquoian-cayuga-modifier-alist
|
||
iroquoian-seneca-modifier-alist))
|
||
"Alist of rules for modifier letters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-vowel-alist
|
||
(seq-uniq (append iroquoian-mohawk-vowel-alist
|
||
iroquoian-oneida-vowel-alist
|
||
iroquoian-onondaga-vowel-alist
|
||
iroquoian-cayuga-vowel-alist
|
||
iroquoian-seneca-vowel-alist))
|
||
"Alist of rules for vowel letters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-consonant-alist
|
||
(seq-uniq (append
|
||
'((";;" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK})
|
||
(";'" ?\N{MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP})
|
||
(";:" ?\N{LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP}))
|
||
iroquoian-mohawk-consonant-alist
|
||
iroquoian-oneida-consonant-alist
|
||
iroquoian-onondaga-consonant-alist
|
||
iroquoian-cayuga-consonant-alist
|
||
iroquoian-seneca-consonant-alist)
|
||
(lambda (c1 c2)
|
||
(equal (car c1) (car c2))))
|
||
"Alist of rules for consonant letters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-devoicing-alist
|
||
'(("_" ?\N{COMBINING LOW LINE})
|
||
("__" ?_))
|
||
"Alist of rules for devoicing characters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-nasal-alist iroquoian-onondaga-nasal-alist
|
||
"Alist of rules for nasal modifier letters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
|
||
Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
|
||
|
||
(quail-define-package
|
||
"haudenosaunee-postfix" "Haudenosaunee" "HOD<" t
|
||
"Composite input method for Haudenosaunee (Northern Iroquoian) languages
|
||
|
||
This input method can be used to enter the following languages:
|
||
|
||
- Mohawk (Kanien’kéha / Onkwehonwehnéha)
|
||
- Oneida (Onʌyota:ká: / Ukwehuwehnéha)
|
||
- Cayuga (Gayogo̱ho:nǫhnéha:ˀ)
|
||
- Onondaga (Onųdaʔgegáʔ)
|
||
- Seneca (Onödowá’ga:’)
|
||
|
||
Modifiers:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Translation | Description |
|
||
|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
|
||
| :: | · | Vowel length (alternate) |
|
||
|
||
Stress diacritics:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Description | Example |
|
||
|------+--------------+---------|
|
||
| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
|
||
| \\=` | Grave accent | a` -> à |
|
||
|
||
Doubling any of these postfixes separates the letter and the postfix.
|
||
|
||
Vowels:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Translation | Description |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Mohawk |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| Single-key vowels: a e i o |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Oneida |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| e/ | ʌ | Mid central nasal vowel |
|
||
| E/ | Ʌ | Mid central nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| Single-key vowels: a e i o u |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Onondaga |
|
||
| (Six Nations of the Grand River) |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
|
||
| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| o, | ǫ | Back high nasal vowel |
|
||
| O, | Ǫ | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| a\" | ä | Low front rounded vowel |
|
||
| A\" | Ä | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| (Onondaga Nation, New York) |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| en~ | eñ | Mid front nasal vowel |
|
||
| EN~ | EÑ | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| on~ | oñ | Back high nasal vowel |
|
||
| ON~ | OÑ | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| a\" | ä | Low front rounded vowel |
|
||
| A\" | Ä | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| (Hanni Woodbury, 2003) |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
|
||
| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| u, | ų | Back high nasal vowel |
|
||
| U, | Ų | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| a/ | æ | Low front rounded vowel |
|
||
| A/ | Æ | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| (all) |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| Single-key vowels: a e i o |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Cayuga |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
|
||
| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| o, | ǫ | Mid back nasal vowel |
|
||
| O, | Ǫ | Mid back nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| Single-key vowels: a e i o u |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Seneca |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| e\" | ë | Mid front nasal vowel |
|
||
| E\" | Ë | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| o\" | ö | Low-mid back nasal vowel |
|
||
| O\" | Ö | Low-mid back nasal vowel (capital) |
|
||
| a\" | ä | Low front vowel |
|
||
| A\" | Ä | Low front vowel (capital) |
|
||
| Single-key vowels: a e i o u |
|
||
|
||
Consonants:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Translation | Description |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Mohawk |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
|
||
| Single-key consonants: h k n r s t w y (b m p) |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Oneida |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| ;\\=' | ˀ | Glottal stop |
|
||
| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
|
||
| Single-key consonants: h k l n s t w y |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Onondaga |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
|
||
| ;: | ʔ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
|
||
| Single-key consonants: c d g h j k n s t w y |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Cayuga |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| ;\\=' | ˀ | Glottal stop |
|
||
| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
|
||
| Single-key consonants: d g h j k n r s t w y (f) |
|
||
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||
| Seneca |
|
||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
|
||
| s/ | š | Voiceless postalveolar fricative |
|
||
| S/ | Š | Voiceless postalveolar fricative (capital) |
|
||
| Single-key consonants: d g h j k n s t w y z (b m p) |
|
||
|
||
Devoicing:
|
||
|
||
| Key | Description | Examples |
|
||
|-----+------------------------+------------------------------|
|
||
| _ | Combining low line | a_ -> a̲, · -> ·̲ |
|
||
| - | Combining macron below | a- -> a̱(after vowels only) |
|
||
|
||
Note: Not all fonts can properly display a combining low line on all
|
||
letters and a combining macron below on all vowels.
|
||
|
||
Underlining is commonly used in Oneida to indicate devoiced syllables on
|
||
pre-pausal forms (also called utterance-final forms). Alternatively,
|
||
markup or other methods can be used to create an underlining effect.
|
||
|
||
To enter a plain underscore, the underscore twice.
|
||
|
||
Macron below is commonly used in Cayuga to indicate devoiced vowels.
|
||
|
||
To enter a plain hyphen after a vowel, simply type the hyphen twice.
|
||
|
||
There are individual input methods for each of the languages that can be
|
||
entered with this input method: `mohawk-postfix', `oneida-postfix',
|
||
`onondaga-postfix', `cayuga-postfix', `seneca-postfix'."
|
||
nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
|
||
|
||
(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
|
||
(append iroquoian-haudenosaunee-modifier-alist
|
||
iroquoian-haudenosaunee-consonant-alist
|
||
iroquoian-haudenosaunee-nasal-alist
|
||
iroquoian-haudenosaunee-vowel-alist
|
||
iroquoian-haudenosaunee-devoicing-alist))
|
||
(quail-defrule key trans))
|
||
|
||
(provide 'iroquoian)
|
||
;;; iroquoian.el ends here
|